Summary of Hamlet by Williams Shakespeare as at February, 2025

A book written by Williams Shakespeare

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English playwright, poet, and actor, often regarded as one of the greatest writers in the English language and world literature. He authored 39 plays, 154 sonnets, and two long narrative poems. His works explore themes of love, power, jealousy, betrayal, and the supernatural. "Hamlet" is one of Shakespeare's most renowned tragedies, written around 1600. The play delves into the complexities of revenge, madness, mortality, and the human condition. It examines the consequences of political and personal corruption, the struggle between action and inaction, and the search for truth in a deceptive world.

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Summary of Hamlet, Act I, Scene 1

The play begins on a cold, dark night at Elsinore, the royal castle of Denmark. The scene is set on a platform where Francisco, a soldier, is keeping watch. As the scene opens, Bernardo, another soldier, comes to relieve Francisco of his duty. They are soon joined by Marcellus, another guard, and Horatio, a scholar and friend of Prince Hamlet.

Bernardo and Marcellus, who have seen a ghost during their previous watch, are eager to show it to Horatio, who is sceptical of their claims. As they speak, the ghost appears, bearing a striking resemblance to the deceased King Hamlet, Prince Hamlet’s father. The ghost is clad in the armour the old king wore when he fought against Norway.

Horatio attempts to speak to the apparition, questioning it about its purpose and demanding to know if it has any message for Denmark. The ghost remains silent and disappears without answering. The guards and Horatio are left disturbed and puzzled, contemplating the possible significance of the ghost’s appearance.

Horatio suggests that they should inform Prince Hamlet about the ghost, believing that the spirit may choose to speak to his son. The scene ends with a sense of unease and foreboding, as the men decide to find Hamlet and share the news of the ghostly encounter.

This opening scene establishes the eerie and mysterious atmosphere that pervades the play, introducing the theme of supernatural occurrences and the unsettled state of Denmark following King Hamlet’s death.

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act I, Scene 2

The scene shifts to a stateroom in the castle, where King Claudius, the new king of Denmark, addresses his court. Claudius speaks about the recent death of his brother, King Hamlet, and his own swift marriage to Queen Gertrude, the widow of the late king and mother to Prince Hamlet. Claudius attempts to strike a balance between mourning his brother and celebrating his new marriage, presenting a facade of stability and continuity for the kingdom.

Claudius then turns to matters of state, dealing with a threat from Prince Fortinbras of Norway, who seeks to reclaim lands lost by his father to the late King Hamlet. Claudius dispatches ambassadors Cornelius and Voltemand to Norway to seek assistance from Fortinbras’ uncle, the king of Norway, in curbing Fortinbras’ aggression.

Following this, Laertes, the son of Polonius (the king’s advisor), requests permission to return to France, where he had been studying before the king’s death. Claudius grants Laertes’ request with Polonius’ approval.

Next, Claudius addresses Prince Hamlet, who is still deeply mourning his father’s death. Claudius chides Hamlet for his prolonged grief, calling it unmanly and inappropriate. He urges Hamlet to see him as a father and not to return to Wittenberg, where he had been studying. Queen Gertrude also entreats her son to stay in Denmark, and Hamlet reluctantly agrees to obey his mother.

Left alone after the court exits, Hamlet delivers his first soliloquy, expressing his profound sorrow and disillusionment with the world. He laments his mother’s hasty marriage to his uncle, calling it incestuous and expressing a sense of betrayal. His soliloquy reveals his deep despair and growing sense of isolation.

Horatio, Marcellus, and Bernardo enter and tell Hamlet about the ghost they have seen, believing it to be the spirit of his father. Hamlet is intrigued and disturbed by their news and decides to join them on the watch that night to see if the ghost will reappear. He hopes to learn more from the apparition, especially if it has any message for him. The scene ends with Hamlet’s determination to seek out the ghost, setting the stage for the unfolding drama

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act I, Scene 3

In this scene, we are introduced to the household of Polonius, the king’s advisor. The scene takes place in a room in Polonius’ house, where Laertes is preparing to leave for France. His sister Ophelia and their father Polonius are with him.

Laertes speaks to Ophelia, giving her brotherly advice about her romantic relationship with Prince Hamlet. He warns her that Hamlet, being a prince, may not have the freedom to choose his own partner, as he is bound by duties to the state. Laertes suggests that Hamlet’s affections might not be genuine and urges Ophelia to protect her virtue and not take Hamlet’s declarations of love too seriously.

Ophelia listens to her brother’s advice but counters by telling him to follow his own advice and not engage in reckless behaviour while he is away in France. Laertes promises to heed his own counsel.

Polonius then enters and bids farewell to Laertes with a series of lengthy and somewhat clichéd pieces of advice on how to conduct himself abroad. These include famous maxims such as “Give thy thoughts no tongue,” “Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice,” and “To thine own self be true.” Laertes promises to remember his father’s counsel and departs for France.

After Laertes leaves, Polonius turns his attention to Ophelia. He questions her about her relationship with Hamlet and echoes Laertes’ warnings, advising her to be cautious. Polonius is more forceful in his admonishments, instructing Ophelia to distance herself from Hamlet and to no longer accept his letters or engage in conversations with him. He views Hamlet’s advances as dishonourable and worries about Ophelia’s reputation.

Ophelia dutifully agrees to obey her father’s commands, although she seems disheartened by the prospect of ending her relationship with Hamlet. The scene ends with Ophelia’s acquiescence to her father’s wishes, setting up the tension between her loyalty to her family and her feelings for Hamlet.

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act I, Scene 4

In this scene, Hamlet, Horatio, and Marcellus are on the platform outside Elsinore Castle, awaiting the ghost’s appearance. It is a cold, dark night, and the atmosphere is tense with anticipation and unease.

As they wait, they hear the sound of revelry and cannon fire from within the castle, signalling that King Claudius is engaged in one of his nightly carousals. Hamlet disapproves of this custom, lamenting that it tarnishes Denmark’s reputation and makes the nation seem weak and debauched to other countries.

The ghost soon appears, dressed in the same armour the old King Hamlet wore in battle. The apparition beckons Hamlet to follow it. Despite Horatio and Marcellus’ attempts to dissuade him, fearing it might lead him to harm or madness, Hamlet resolves to follow the ghost and find out what it wants.

The scene ends with Hamlet following the ghost, while Horatio and Marcellus decide to follow him from a distance, worried about what might happen next. This scene heightens the suspense and sets the stage for the revelations and actions that follow, as Hamlet seeks to uncover the truth behind his father’s mysterious death.

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act I, Scene 5

In this pivotal scene, Hamlet follows the ghost to a more secluded part of the platform. The ghost reveals its identity as the spirit of Hamlet’s father, the late King Hamlet. It recounts the harrowing details of its murder, claiming that it was Claudius, the current king and Hamlet’s uncle, who committed the foul deed. Claudius poured poison into King Hamlet’s ear while he was sleeping in his orchard, causing his death and securing the throne for himself.

The ghost expresses anguish over being deprived of the opportunity to confess his sins before death, condemning his soul to suffer in purgatory. It then urges Hamlet to avenge his “foul and most unnatural murder.” However, the ghost instructs Hamlet to spare his mother, Queen Gertrude, and let her conscience and heaven judge her actions.

Hamlet is deeply shaken by this revelation and swears to remember and obey the ghost’s command. As dawn approaches, the ghost disappears, leaving Hamlet alone and overwhelmed with the gravity of his new mission.

Marcellus and Horatio, who have been anxiously waiting, rejoin Hamlet. Hamlet makes them swear on his sword to keep the encounter with the ghost a secret. He also hints that he might feign madness as part of his plan to uncover the truth and seek revenge.

The scene ends with Hamlet resolved to act on the ghost’s instructions, although he remains conflicted and distressed by the enormity of the task ahead. This scene sets the course for the unfolding drama, establishing Hamlet’s motive for revenge and his internal struggle with the moral and psychological implications of his mission.

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act II, Scene 1.

In this scene, we return to Polonius’ house, where Polonius is instructing his servant, Reynaldo, to go to Paris and spy on his son, Laertes. Polonius wants Reynaldo to inquire subtly about Laertes’ behaviour by suggesting that Laertes might be engaging in disreputable activities. Polonius believes that by indirectly probing, Reynaldo will get more truthful responses about Laertes’ conduct.

After Reynaldo leaves, Ophelia enters, visibly distressed. She tells her father that Hamlet has visited her, behaving very strangely. She describes how Hamlet, with his clothing dishevelled and an intense look on his face, grabbed her wrist, stared at her for a long time, and then sighed deeply without saying a word before leaving. Ophelia, frightened by Hamlet’s bizarre behaviour, is unsure of what to make of it.

Polonius immediately concludes that Hamlet’s madness is a result of his love for Ophelia and his frustration at being rejected by her, as Polonius had earlier instructed Ophelia to distance herself from Hamlet. Polonius decides to report Hamlet’s behaviour to King Claudius, believing that the young prince’s apparent madness is due to unrequited love.

This scene advances the subplot involving Polonius and his children while also providing further evidence of Hamlet’s erratic behaviour, which Polonius misinterprets as love-induced madness. The scene highlights Polonius’ meddling nature and sets the stage for further misunderstandings and complications in the court.

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act II, Scene 2.

In this scene, we move to the interior of Elsinore Castle, where King Claudius and Queen Gertrude are meeting with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two of Hamlet’s childhood friends. Claudius and Gertrude have summoned them to Elsinore to find out what is troubling Hamlet and to cheer him up. The king and queen hope that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern can discover the cause of Hamlet’s apparent madness.

After Rosencrantz and Guildenstern agree to help, Polonius enters with the news. He informs Claudius and Gertrude that the ambassadors sent to Norway have returned with good news. Claudius first receives Voltemand and Cornelius, who report that the king of Norway has restrained his nephew Fortinbras from attacking Denmark and instead redirected his military ambitions towards Poland. Claudius is pleased with this resolution.

Polonius then shares his theory that Hamlet’s madness is due to his love for Ophelia. He presents letters and poems that Hamlet has written to Ophelia as evidence. To test his theory, Polonius proposes that they stage an encounter between Hamlet and Ophelia while he and Claudius spy on them. Claudius agrees to the plan.

Hamlet then enters, reading a book. Polonius approaches him and engages in a convoluted conversation, trying to understand his strange behaviour. Hamlet, feigning madness, mocks Polonius and plays with words, leaving Polonius convinced that his love hypothesis is correct.

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern then meet with Hamlet. They exchange pleasantries before Hamlet quickly deduces that they were sent by the king and queen to spy on him. Hamlet confides his feelings of depression and disillusionment to them, expressing his deep frustration with the world.

A group of players (actors) arrives at the castle, which delights Hamlet. He asks one of the players to recite a speech about the fall of Troy and the grief of Hecuba. Hamlet is moved by the actor’s passionate performance and contrasts it with his own inaction regarding avenging his father’s murder.

The scene concludes with Hamlet planning to use the players to stage a play that mirrors the circumstances of King Hamlet’s murder. He hopes that by observing Claudius’ reaction to the play, he will confirm the ghost’s accusation and determine whether Claudius is truly guilty. Hamlet’s soliloquy at the end of the scene reveals his inner turmoil and determination to seek proof of Claudius’ guilt.

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act III, Scene 1.

In this scene, Claudius and Gertrude summon Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to report on their interaction with Hamlet. The two inform the king and queen that Hamlet seemed distracted but entertained by the arrival of the players. They mention that Hamlet has requested the king and queen’s presence at a play that evening.

After Rosencrantz and Guildenstern leave, Polonius enters with Ophelia. Claudius and Polonius are eager to test their theory that Hamlet’s madness is due to his love for Ophelia. They instruct Ophelia to walk in the hall while they hide and observe. Ophelia is given a book to make her look natural in her setting.

Hamlet then enters, delivering his famous “To be, or not to be” soliloquy. In it, he contemplates the nature of existence, the pain and suffering of life, and the fear of the unknown in death. This soliloquy reveals Hamlet’s deep existential crisis and his struggle with the idea of suicide.

After the soliloquy, Hamlet notices Ophelia and approaches her. Ophelia attempts to return the tokens of affection he had given her, saying that she wishes to end their relationship. Hamlet denies ever giving her the tokens and questions her honesty and virtue, becoming increasingly agitated. He accuses Ophelia of being deceitful, a pawn of her father, and he speaks harshly about women in general. He tells her to “get thee to a nunnery,” a statement layered with both literal and ironic meanings.

Claudius and Polonius, who have been eavesdropping, step forward after Hamlet leaves. Claudius, convinced that Hamlet’s madness is not due to love for Ophelia, decides that Hamlet must be sent to England to prevent any threat he might pose. Polonius, however, suggests one more scheme: he proposes that Gertrude should meet with Hamlet in her chamber to uncover more about his condition, while he listens in on their conversation.

This scene is crucial as it explores Hamlet’s inner turmoil and solidifies Claudius’ suspicions about Hamlet, leading to the decision to send Hamlet away. It also reveals the extent of manipulation and deceit among the court members, particularly Polonius’ willingness to use his daughter as a tool in his schemes.

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act III, Scene 2

In this scene, the focus is on the performance of the play Hamlet has arranged to test King Claudius’ guilt. Hamlet instructs the players on how to perform their parts, emphasizing the importance of naturalistic acting to convey the story accurately. He wants the performance to be as realistic as possible to provoke a reaction from Claudius.

Hamlet then confides in Horatio, asking him to observe Claudius during the play and to note any reaction that might indicate guilt. Hamlet praises Horatio’s balanced temperament and trusts him to provide an objective assessment.

As the court assembles to watch the play, Hamlet engages in witty and suggestive banter with Ophelia, reflecting his complex feelings and the tension between them. The play within the play, titled “The Murder of Gonzago,” begins with a dumb show that silently depicts a king being murdered by having poison poured into his ear by his nephew, who then takes the king’s crown and marries the queen.

After the dumb show, the players perform a spoken version of the story. During the performance, the actor playing the king lies down to sleep in a garden, and the actor playing the nephew pours poison into his ear. This mirrors the method Claudius used to murder King Hamlet, as described by the ghost.

As the scene unfolds, Claudius becomes visibly agitated and eventually rises into a state of distress, calling for lights and abruptly leaving the performance. This reaction confirms to Hamlet and Horatio that Claudius is indeed guilty of murdering King Hamlet.

Left alone with Horatio, Hamlet is elated by the success of his plan. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern enter and inform Hamlet that the queen wishes to speak with him in her chamber. They also convey Claudius’ anger and agitation. Hamlet dismisses them and mocks their attempts to probe into his state of mind.

Polonius then enters, reiterating the queen’s request to see Hamlet. Before leaving for his mother’s chamber, Hamlet speaks to himself, resolving to confront her with firmness but not to harm her physically.

This scene is crucial as it provides Hamlet with the confirmation he sought about Claudius’ guilt, setting the stage for the ensuing conflict and furthering Hamlet’s determination to seek revenge. It also highlights the theme of appearance versus reality, as the play within the play reveals the hidden truth.

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act III, Scene 3

In this scene, Claudius, deeply troubled by the play’s revelations, meets with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. He instructs them to escort Hamlet to England immediately, feeling that Hamlet’s growing erratic behaviour poses a threat to his reign. Claudius hopes that removing Hamlet from Denmark will restore stability to his court.

After Rosencrantz and Guildenstern leave, Polonius enters and informs Claudius that he will spy on Hamlet’s conversation with Gertrude. Polonius intends to hide behind an arras (a tapestry) in Gertrude’s chamber to overhear their discussion and gather more information about Hamlet’s state of mind.

Left alone, Claudius struggles with his guilt and prays for forgiveness. He admits to himself that his crime is so heinous that he cannot truly repent, as he still benefits from his brother’s murder—he retains the throne and his queen. Claudius’ soliloquy reveals his internal conflict and the burden of his guilt, which he feels cannot be absolved because he is unwilling to give up the fruits of his sin.

While Claudius is on his knees, attempting to pray, Hamlet enters quietly. He sees Claudius in this vulnerable position and realizes this is the perfect opportunity to kill him and avenge his father’s murder. However, Hamlet hesitates, fearing that killing Claudius while he is praying would send Claudius’ soul to heaven, an outcome Hamlet does not desire. Hamlet wants Claudius to suffer in the afterlife for his sins, just as his father is suffering.

Hamlet decides to wait for a moment when Claudius is engaged in sinful behavior so that his soul will be damned. He exits, leaving Claudius unharmed. Claudius rises from his aborted prayer, lamenting that his words are empty and his soul remains blackened by his deeds.

This scene is significant because it shows Hamlet’s contemplation and hesitation once again, revealing his deep concern with the moral and spiritual consequences of his actions. It also underscores Claudius’ profound guilt and the complexity of his character, as he acknowledges his crime but feels trapped by his ambition and desires.

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act III, Scene 4

In this intense and pivotal scene, Hamlet goes to his mother, Queen Gertrude’s chamber, as she has summoned him to discuss his troubling behaviour. Polonius, true to his plan, hides behind an arras (a tapestry) to eavesdrop on their conversation.

As the scene begins, Gertrude confronts Hamlet about his actions, and Hamlet, in turn, accuses her of complicity in King Hamlet’s murder by marrying Claudius so quickly after her husband’s death. The confrontation quickly escalates, and Hamlet’s passionate accusations terrify Gertrude. She calls out for help, prompting Polonius to shout for assistance from behind the arras.

Believing that Claudius might be the one hiding, Hamlet impulsively thrusts his sword through the tapestry, killing Polonius. Upon discovering that he has killed Polonius and not Claudius, Hamlet shows little remorse, considering Polonius a meddling fool.

Hamlet then continues his verbal assault on Gertrude, condemning her marriage to Claudius and her apparent betrayal of King Hamlet. He forces her to confront the moral and ethical implications of her actions, presenting her with two pictures: one of King Hamlet and one of Claudius, contrasting the nobility of his father with the villainy of Claudius.

During this heated exchange, the ghost of King Hamlet appears, visible only to Hamlet. The ghost reminds Hamlet of his duty to avenge his murder and urges him to be kinder to his mother. Gertrude, unable to see the ghost, interprets Hamlet’s conversation as further proof of his madness. Hamlet tries to convince her of the ghost’s presence and his own sanity, pleading with her to repent and avoid further intimacy with Claudius.

Moved by Hamlet’s intensity, Gertrude appears to be genuinely affected and promises to keep Hamlet’s secret about his feigned madness. Hamlet then reveals that he is being sent to England and suspects that it is part of Claudius’ plan to have him killed. He tells his mother that he will outsmart them and return to Denmark.

The scene concludes with Hamlet dragging Polonius’ body out of the room, leaving Gertrude alone to reflect on the tumultuous confrontation and the tragic events that have just unfolded.

This scene is crucial as it heightens the drama and tension, revealing the depth of Hamlet’s anger and the complexity of his relationship with his mother. It also demonstrates Hamlet’s impulsiveness and the tragic consequences of his actions, as well as the ongoing theme of appearance versus reality, as Gertrude is confronted with the truth about her new husband and her own actions.

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act IV, Scene 1

In this scene, Queen Gertrude, shaken by the violent confrontation with Hamlet and Polonius’s death, immediately goes to see King Claudius to inform him of what has transpired. Claudius is with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern when Gertrude enters.

Gertrude describes Hamlet’s behaviour as madness and tells Claudius that Hamlet has killed Polonius. Claudius, alarmed and concerned for his own safety, realizes that Hamlet poses a significant threat to everyone in court. He quickly decides that Hamlet must be sent to England at once. Claudius instructs Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to find Hamlet, secure Polonius’ body, and bring Hamlet to him.

Once Rosencrantz and Guildenstern leave to carry out their orders, Claudius reflects on the dangerous situation. He is troubled by the potential political fallout from Polonius’ death, fearing that the news will cause unrest among the people and provide his enemies with an opportunity to question his rule.

Claudius acknowledges the gravity of the situation and knows that drastic measures are needed to protect himself and maintain control. He resolves to expedite Hamlet’s departure to England, where he secretly plans to have Hamlet executed upon arrival. Claudius’ primary concern is to safeguard his throne and eliminate the threat that Hamlet represents.

This scene underscores Claudius’ manipulative and self-preserving nature, as well as Gertrude’s conflicted loyalties. It also sets the stage for Hamlet’s impending journey to England, further complicating the web of intrigue and deceit that permeates the play.

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act IV, Scene 2

In this scene, Hamlet has just hidden Polonius’ body and is approached by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, who have been sent by King Claudius to find him and retrieve the body.

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern confront Hamlet and question him about the location of Polonius’ body. Hamlet, aware of their loyalty to Claudius, responds with evasive and cryptic answers. He mocks them and speaks in riddles, displaying his disdain for their willingness to serve the king’s interests rather than help him.

When pressed further, Hamlet accuses Rosencrantz of being a sponge that soaks up the king’s favour and rewards, only to be squeezed dry when needed. This metaphor underscores Hamlet’s awareness of their role as tools for Claudius’ manipulation.

Despite their persistent questioning, Hamlet continues to elude them, refusing to reveal where he has hidden Polonius’ body. Frustrated, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern realize they must report back to Claudius without the information they were sent to obtain.

The scene ends with Hamlet being taken away to see Claudius, maintaining his defiant and contemptuous attitude towards those who serve the king’s interests. This interaction highlights Hamlet’s growing isolation and his deepening mistrust of those around him, further intensifying the play’s atmosphere of intrigue and deception.

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act IV, Scene 3

In this scene, King Claudius deals with the aftermath of Polonius’ death and Hamlet’s erratic behaviour. He is deeply concerned about the potential fallout and the threat Hamlet poses. He discusses with his courtiers the need to find Hamlet and Polonius’s body.

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern enter, having found Hamlet but not the body. Claudius questions Hamlet about the whereabouts of Polonius’ body. Hamlet continues to be cryptic and evasive, using dark humour and wordplay. He eventually tells Claudius that Polonius is at “supper,” where he is being eaten by worms. Hamlet’s grim jest underscores the theme of death as the great equalizer.

After more pressing, Hamlet finally reveals that Polonius’ body is in the lobby under the stairs. Claudius, relieved to have this information, sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to retrieve the body.

Claudius then informs Hamlet that he is being sent to England immediately for his own safety and the safety of others. Hamlet agrees, knowing he has little choice. However, once Hamlet exits, Claudius reveals his true intentions to the audience: he has written letters to the English king instructing that Hamlet be executed upon his arrival.

This scene is crucial as it highlights Claudius’ increasing desperation and willingness to take extreme measures to protect his throne. It also underscores Hamlet’s awareness of the danger he faces and his continuing struggle against the machinations of those around him. The theme of political intrigue and the corrupting influence of power is further developed, setting the stage for the dramatic events to follow.

Summary of Hamlet, Act IV, Scene 4

In this scene, Prince Fortinbras of Norway is leading his troops across Denmark to attack a part of Poland. As Fortinbras and his army prepare for their campaign, they encounter a captain whom Fortinbras sends to speak with King Claudius. The captain meets Hamlet, Rosencrantz, and Guildenstern as they are en route to the ship that will take Hamlet to England.

Hamlet questions the captain about the purpose of the Norwegian army’s movement through Denmark. The captain explains that they are marching to fight for a small, insignificant piece of land in Poland that holds little value. Hamlet is struck by the futility of the conflict, marvelling that so many men are willing to risk their lives for something so trivial.

Left alone after Rosencrantz and Guildenstern continue on their way, Hamlet reflects on the contrast between his own inaction and Fortinbras’s and his soldiers’ determined purpose. He is ashamed that he has been unable to act on his own substantial motive for revenge despite having every reason to do so. Hamlet’s soliloquy reveals his inner turmoil and self-reproach as he contemplates the nature of action and resolve.

Hamlet resolves to be more decisive and committed to his cause, vowing that from this moment on, his thoughts will be “bloody” or worthless. This renewed determination underscores his growing resolve to confront and avenge his father’s murder.

This scene is significant as it highlights Hamlet’s introspection and the influence of Fortinbras’ example on his own understanding of duty and action. It deepens the theme of action versus inaction and sets the stage for Hamlet’s eventual return to Denmark with a newfound sense of purpose.

Summary of Hamlet, Act IV, Scene 5

In this scene, we return to Elsinore Castle where the tension and tragedy continue to unfold. Queen Gertrude reluctantly agrees to speak with Ophelia, who has descended into madness following the death of her father, Polonius. Ophelia’s behavior is erratic and disjointed, as she sings songs and speaks in fragments, revealing her deep grief and confusion.

Ophelia’s madness is evident through her nonsensical speech and haunting songs that touch on themes of death, betrayal, and lost love. Her condition deeply troubles Gertrude, who is distressed by the young woman’s suffering.

King Claudius enters and tries to speak with Ophelia, but her madness makes coherent conversation impossible. Claudius and Gertrude express their sorrow and guilt over her state, recognizing the impact of Polonius’ death and Hamlet’s actions on her fragile mind.

As Ophelia exits, Laertes returns from France in a fury, seeking revenge for his father’s death. His followers accompany him, clamoring for him to be made king. Laertes bursts into the scene, demanding answers and justice for Polonius’ murder. Claudius skillfully calms Laertes by acknowledging his pain and promising to help him seek revenge.

During their conversation, Ophelia reenters, singing and distributing flowers, each with symbolic meaning. Her behavior shocks Laertes, who is heartbroken to see his sister in such a state. Ophelia’s madness intensifies Laertes’ desire for vengeance, and he becomes even more determined to avenge his father’s death.

Claudius seizes the opportunity to manipulate Laertes further, steering his anger towards Hamlet. He assures Laertes that he will have the chance to confront Hamlet and exact his revenge. The scene ends with Claudius plotting to use Laertes’ rage to eliminate Hamlet, solidifying his own grip on power.

This scene is crucial as it showcases the profound impact of the play’s events on Ophelia and Laertes, while also highlighting Claudius’ manipulative nature. It sets the stage for the upcoming confrontations and further deepens the play’s themes of madness, revenge, and political intrigue.

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act IV, Scene 6

In this brief scene, Horatio receives unexpected news about Hamlet. The scene takes place at Elsinore Castle, where Horatio is approached by sailors who bring him letters from Hamlet.

One of the letters is addressed to Horatio, explaining that Hamlet has escaped from Rosencrantz and Guildenstern during their voyage to England. Hamlet’s ship was attacked by pirates, and in the ensuing battle, Hamlet boarded the pirate ship. The pirates treated Hamlet well, hoping to benefit from his noble status upon returning him to Denmark.

Hamlet writes that he is now back in Denmark and asks Horatio to come to him as quickly as possible. He also mentions that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are continuing their journey to England, unaware of Hamlet’s escape and the altered course of events.

This scene is crucial as it reveals Hamlet’s resourcefulness and his ability to navigate dangerous situations. It also sets the stage for his imminent return to Elsinore and the unfolding of the final acts of the play. Horatio, loyal and concerned, prepares to reunite with Hamlet and assist him in whatever plans he may have next.

Summary of Hamlet, Act IV, Scene 7

In this scene, Claudius and Laertes continue to conspire against Hamlet. The scene opens with Claudius explaining to Laertes why he has not taken direct action against Hamlet for Polonius’ murder. Claudius reveals that he is unable to act openly against Hamlet due to Gertrude’s love for her son and the public’s affection for him.

A messenger arrives with letters from Hamlet, one addressed to Claudius. Claudius reads the letter aloud, revealing that Hamlet is returning to Elsinore. This news alarms Claudius, who realizes he must act quickly to neutralize the threat Hamlet poses.

Claudius and Laertes devise a plan to kill Hamlet. Laertes suggests they arrange a fencing match between himself and Hamlet, where he will use a sharpened, poisoned sword instead of a blunted one. To ensure Hamlet’s death, Claudius plans to offer Hamlet a poisoned drink during the match if Laertes’ initial attack fails.

Their plotting is interrupted by the arrival of Queen Gertrude, who brings devastating news: Ophelia has drowned. Gertrude describes how Ophelia fell into the water while attempting to hang garlands on a tree branch, and, in her madness, did not try to save herself. Laertes is overcome with grief and rage, further intensifying his resolve to kill Hamlet.

This scene is significant as it solidifies the deadly alliance between Claudius and Laertes against Hamlet. It also underscores the theme of revenge and the lengths to which characters will go to achieve their goals. Ophelia’s death adds to the tragedy, highlighting the collateral damage caused by the corrupt and vengeful actions of those in power.

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act V, Scene 1

In this iconic scene, the setting shifts to a churchyard where two gravediggers (clowns) are digging a grave for Ophelia. They engage in a darkly humorous conversation about whether Ophelia deserves a Christian burial, given the suspicious circumstances of her death. Their discussion reflects on the nature of mortality and social status.

As the gravediggers work, Hamlet and Horatio enter the scene. Hamlet observes the gravediggers and muses on the inevitability of death. He picks up a skull, which the gravedigger tells him belonged to Yorick, the king’s jester. Hamlet reflects on his memories of Yorick and the fleeting nature of life, delivering the famous lines, “Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio.”

During their conversation, the gravedigger reveals that the grave is being prepared for a woman who has died. Hamlet is unaware that it is Ophelia’s grave. Soon after, a funeral procession arrives, led by King Claudius, Queen Gertrude, Laertes, and others. Realizing that the funeral is for Ophelia, Hamlet is overwhelmed with grief and anger.

Laertes, already in mourning, leaps into Ophelia’s grave to hold her one last time. Hamlet, witnessing this, comes forward and confronts Laertes. The two grapple and argue over who loved Ophelia more, with Hamlet declaring his own deep feelings for her.

The scuffle is broken up, and Hamlet’s passionate display of grief and his claim that he loved Ophelia more than forty thousand brothers could impresses everyone present, including Gertrude and Claudius. Claudius, however, sees this as an opportunity to further manipulate Laertes against Hamlet.

The scene ends with Claudius reminding Laertes of their plan to kill Hamlet, while Gertrude expresses concern for her son’s emotional state. Hamlet’s confrontation with death and his expression of love for Ophelia add to the tragic atmosphere, setting the stage for the play’s final, climactic act.

 

Summary of Hamlet, Act V, Scene 2

The final scene of the play takes place inside Elsinore Castle. Hamlet tells Horatio about the events that occurred during his journey to England. He reveals that he discovered Claudius’ treacherous plan to have him executed upon arrival. Hamlet intercepted the letters intended for the English king and replaced them with forged ones, instructing the English king to execute Rosencrantz and Guildenstern instead. Hamlet expresses some remorse over their deaths but justifies it as a necessary act of self-preservation.

Osric, a courtier, enters and informs Hamlet that King Claudius has wagered on a fencing match between Hamlet and Laertes. Osric delivers a convoluted message from the king, but Hamlet eventually agrees to the duel despite his reservations. He senses something is wrong but feels compelled to go through with it.

The court gathers for the duel. Claudius has secretly prepared a poisoned cup of wine to offer Hamlet during the match, as a backup plan in case Laertes fails to kill Hamlet with the poisoned-tipped sword. Hamlet apologizes to Laertes for his earlier actions, and Laertes appears to accept the apology, though he remains committed to his deadly plan.

The duel begins, and Hamlet scores the first hit. Claudius offers Hamlet the poisoned wine, but Hamlet declines. Gertrude, unaware of the poison, drinks from the cup herself. The match continues, and Hamlet scores another hit. Gertrude collapses, realizing she has been poisoned.

In the ensuing chaos, Laertes wounds Hamlet with the poisoned sword. A scuffle breaks out, and Hamlet, not knowing the sword is poisoned, wounds Laertes with the same weapon. Laertes, dying, reveals Claudius’ plot. Hamlet, enraged, forces Claudius to drink the poisoned wine and stabs him with the poisoned sword, ensuring his uncle’s death.

As the poison takes effect, Laertes asks for Hamlet’s forgiveness, which Hamlet grants. Horatio, distraught and loyal, considers committing suicide to join Hamlet in death, but Hamlet stops him, asking him to live and tell his story. With his last breath, Hamlet declares that Fortinbras should be made king of Denmark.

Fortinbras arrives with his army, along with the English ambassadors who announce that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead. Horatio explains the tragic sequence of events to Fortinbras, who orders a respectful military funeral for Hamlet, recognizing his noble nature.

The play concludes with Fortinbras taking control of Denmark, and Hamlet’s body being carried away, marking the end of the Danish royal family and the tragic resolution of the play’s complex web of deceit, revenge, and moral conflict.

 

CHARACTERS IN HAMLET

Hamlet

Prince of Denmark: The protagonist of the play, Hamlet is the son of the late King Hamlet and Queen Gertrude. He is a complex character, deeply philosophical and contemplative. His introspective nature leads him to question life, death, and the moral implications of his actions. Hamlet is known for his intelligence, wit, and eloquence. Throughout the play, he struggles with feelings of grief, betrayal, and a desire for revenge against his uncle, Claudius, who has taken the throne and married his mother. Hamlet’s indecision and tendency to overthink are central to his character and the play’s themes.

Claudius

King of Denmark: The antagonist of the play, Claudius is the brother of the late King Hamlet and has seized the throne by murdering him. He is a shrewd, manipulative, and ambitious politician, capable of deceit and treachery. Despite his villainous actions, Claudius is not entirely without conscience; he experiences guilt and attempts to pray for forgiveness, though he is unable to truly repent. His marriage to Gertrude is both a political maneuver and a genuine affection.

Gertrude

Queen of Denmark: Hamlet’s mother and the widow of the late King Hamlet, Gertrude has quickly remarried Claudius. She is a complex character who displays both tenderness and naivety. While her actions are often interpreted as morally ambiguous, her motivations are driven by a desire for stability and affection. Gertrude’s relationship with Hamlet is strained due to her hasty remarriage, yet she remains concerned for his well-being.

Polonius

Lord Chamberlain: A verbose and meddling courtier, Polonius is the father of Laertes and Ophelia. He is characterized by his long-winded speeches and tendency to offer clichéd advice. Polonius is loyal to King Claudius and frequently spies on Hamlet and his own children. Despite his manipulative nature, he is also depicted as a caring father who genuinely wants the best for his children, albeit in a controlling manner.

Ophelia

Daughter of Polonius: Ophelia is a gentle, obedient, and innocent young woman who is caught in the crossfire of the power struggles around her. She has a romantic relationship with Hamlet, but her loyalty to her father and brother leads her to distance herself from him when commanded to do so. Ophelia’s descent into madness and eventual death highlight her vulnerability and the tragic consequences of the corrupt environment in which she lives.

Laertes

Son of Polonius: Laertes is a passionate and impulsive young man, quick to action and driven by strong emotions. He is protective of his sister Ophelia and seeks revenge against Hamlet for the deaths of his father and sister. Laertes serves as a foil to Hamlet; while Hamlet is indecisive and contemplative, Laertes is decisive and action-oriented.

Horatio

Friend of Hamlet: Horatio is a loyal, rational, and level-headed companion to Hamlet. He provides a sense of stability and groundedness amidst the chaos of the court. Horatio is often the voice of reason and serves as a confidant to Hamlet, remaining steadfast and supportive throughout the play.

The Ghost

Spirit of the late King Hamlet: The Ghost is a supernatural figure who reveals to Hamlet the truth about his murder and urges him to seek revenge against Claudius. The Ghost’s appearances set the plot in motion and serve to highlight themes of uncertainty, mortality, and the afterlife.

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

Courtiers and former friends of Hamlet: They are summoned by Claudius to spy on Hamlet and report back on his behavior. Their willingness to betray Hamlet for the favor of the king depicts them as opportunistic and disloyal.

 

THEMES IN HAMLET

1. Revenge

The theme of revenge is central to the play’s plot. Hamlet’s quest for vengeance against his uncle Claudius for the murder of his father drives the narrative forward. The play examines the moral and ethical implications of revenge, showcasing how it can consume an individual and lead to tragic consequences. Other characters, such as Laertes and Fortinbras, also seek revenge, highlighting the destructive nature of this pursuit.

2. Madness

Madness is a pervasive theme in “Hamlet.” Hamlet himself feigns madness as a strategy to uncover the truth about his father’s death and to plot his revenge. Ophelia’s genuine descent into madness and eventual death further explores the impact of grief and manipulation. The play raises questions about the nature of madness, whether it is a conscious choice or an uncontrollable condition, and how it affects perception and reality.

3. Mortality

The inevitability of death and the uncertainty of the afterlife are recurring themes in “Hamlet.” The play opens with the appearance of the Ghost, setting a somber tone. Hamlet’s reflections on life and death, particularly in his famous “To be, or not to be” soliloquy, reveal his existential angst and contemplation of suicide. The graveyard scene, where Hamlet speaks to the skull of Yorick, a court jester he once knew, underscores the physical reality of death and the decay of all human achievements.

4. Corruption and Decay

The imagery of disease, decay, and corruption is prevalent throughout the play, symbolizing the moral and political corruption in Denmark. Claudius’ murder of his brother and his subsequent marriage to Gertrude create a corrupt foundation for his rule. This corruption spreads, affecting all levels of society and leading to the downfall of many characters. The famous line, “Something is rotten in the state of Denmark,” encapsulates this theme.

5. Appearance vs. Reality

The discrepancy between how things appear and their true nature is a significant theme in “Hamlet.” Characters frequently hide their true intentions behind a facade. Hamlet’s feigned madness is a primary example, as is Claudius’ outward display of concern for the kingdom while secretly harboring guilt for his brother’s murder. The play explores the difficulty of discerning truth in a world where appearances can be deceiving.

6. Action and Inaction

The theme of action versus inaction is embodied in Hamlet’s character. He is often paralyzed by indecision, overthinking situations instead of taking decisive action. This hesitation contrasts with characters like Laertes and Fortinbras, who are more impulsive and determined in their actions. The play delves into the consequences of both action and inaction, questioning the virtue and vice of each approach.

7. Family and Loyalty

Family dynamics and loyalty are crucial themes in “Hamlet.” The play examines the bonds between parents and children, particularly through Hamlet’s relationships with his father, mother, and uncle. The loyalty and betrayal within families drive much of the plot’s conflict. Ophelia’s obedience to her father Polonius, Laertes’ desire to avenge his father’s death, and Hamlet’s quest to honor his father’s memory all highlight the complexities of familial loyalty.

8. Identity and Self-Discovery

Hamlet’s journey is also one of self-discovery. Throughout the play, he grapples with questions of identity, purpose, and his role in the world. His soliloquies provide insight into his internal struggles and his search for meaning amidst the chaos surrounding him. This theme is closely tied to his philosophical reflections on existence and the human condition.

The key take away of this book

Complex Characterization: The play features deeply developed characters, especially Hamlet, whose introspection, moral dilemmas, and philosophical reflections offer rich psychological depth. Themes of Revenge and Morality: "Hamlet" explores the moral complexities of revenge, questioning the righteousness and consequences of seeking vengeance. Existential Soliloquies: Hamlet's soliloquies, particularly "To be, or not to be," provide profound insights into themes of life, death, and the human condition. Intricate Plot of Deception and Intrigue: The play's plot is filled with political maneuvering, spying, and deception, creating a tense and suspenseful atmosphere. Tragic Exploration of Family and Loyalty: The relationships between parents and children, loyalty, and betrayal are central to the play's emotional and dramatic impact.

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A book written by Robert T. Kiyosaki